Context Triggered Piecewise Hashing
From Forensics Wiki
Based on the work of Dr. Andrew Tridgell, Context Triggered Piecewise Hashing, aka Fuzzy Hashing, can match inputs that have many homologies. This means that the inputs have large sequences of bytes that are identical and in the same order. This technique was originally published at the DFRWS conference in 2006 in a paper Almost Identical Files Using Context Triggered Piecewise Hashing.
External Links:
ssdeep - http://ssdeep.sf.net/